A particle indicating possession or affiliation; often corresponds to English 'of' or the possessive '’s'.
私の本を机の上に置いておいて。
Put my book on the desk.
日本の文化に興味がある。
I am interested in Japanese culture.
会社の方針を全員に伝えた。
The company's policy was communicated to everyone.
A particle that nominalizes verbs and adjectives, turning actions or states into nouns.
食べるのが好きです。
I like eating.
知らないのは恥ずかしいことではない。
Not knowing is not something to be ashamed of.
彼が来るのを待っている。
I'm waiting for him to come.
Used in subordinate clauses as a substitute for the subject-marking particle 'が' in some expressions, especially in colloquial usage.
彼の来る日はまだ決まっていない。
The day he will come is not decided yet.
子どもの泣く声の聞こえる家がある。
There is a house from which you can hear a child crying.
A sentence-final particle indicating a confident or assertive conclusion (often with a falling tone).
これで終わりなの。問題はない。
That's the end. There's no problem.
彼が犯人なの。間違いないよ。
He is the culprit. No mistake about it.
A sentence-final particle used mainly in feminine speech to add emotional emphasis (expressing affection, complaint, surprise, etc.).
そんなこと、信じられないの！
I can't believe such a thing!
今日は疲れたの。早く寝たい。
I'm tired today. I want to sleep early.
A sentence-final particle indicating a question (usually with a rising tone), often used to seek confirmation or show concern.
どうしたの？顔色が悪いよ。
What's wrong? You look pale.
もう帰るの？まだ早いよ。
You're leaving already? It's still early.
行くの？一緒に行こうか？
Are you going? Shall I go with you?