An academic rank at universities (often corresponding to assistant professor or associate professor), with duties in teaching and research; exact role varies by institution and country.
彼は理学部で助教授として研究を続けている。
He continues his research as an associate/assistant professor in the faculty of science.
助教授は講義の担当と学生指導の両方を行うことが多い。
An assistant professor often handles both lectures and student supervision.
助教授のポストを目指して博士号を取得した。
I obtained a PhD aiming for an assistant professor position.