To obtain, acquire, or gain something (a thing, benefit, experience). When referring to catching or taking game, it is often written 獲る.
彼は留学で多くの貴重な経験を得た。
He gained a lot of valuable experience from studying abroad.
奨学金を得るために必要な書類を揃えた。
I prepared the necessary documents to obtain the scholarship.
今朝、父が山で大きな鹿を獲る（得る）ことができたと話していた。
This morning my father said he was able to catch a large deer in the mountains.
To understand or grasp the meaning or point of something (a somewhat literary or limited usage).
彼の長い説明を聞いて、ようやく要点を得ることができた。
After hearing his long explanation, I was finally able to grasp the main point.
読書を通じて登場人物の心情を得ることができた。
Through reading, I was able to understand the characters' feelings.
To receive something undesirable, such as a punishment or an illness (e.g., 'to incur punishment' or 'to contract an illness').
不正が発覚し、彼は会社から厳しい処分を得た。
When his wrongdoing was discovered, he received severe disciplinary action from the company.
長時間の外出で彼は風邪を得てしまった。
After being out for a long time he caught a cold.
An auxiliary verb usage indicating possibility (in constructions like ～し得る / ～しうる), meaning 'could/ may be able to / it is possible that...'; commonly used in written language.
考え得る限りの対策はすべて講じた。
We have taken every measure imaginable.
その問題は将来再び起こり得る。
That problem could occur again in the future.