The week following the current or referenced week; next week (often interchangeable with '来週').
会議は翌週の火曜日に行います。
The meeting will be held on Tuesday of the following week.
今週は出張で忙しいので、翌週に打ち合わせを設定してください。
I'm busy with a business trip this week, so please schedule the meeting for next week.
風邪を引いていたので、翌週の試験は受けられなかった。
I had a cold and couldn't take the exam the following week.