A request or appeal — to formally ask for something, often used in official or public contexts (e.g., a call for aid).
被災地への支援を要請する声明が出された。
A statement calling for aid to the disaster-stricken area was issued.
政府は各自治体に協力を要請した。
The government requested cooperation from each municipality.
会社は追加の予算を要請したが、承認されなかった。
The company requested additional budget, but it was not approved.
Axiom — a fundamental principle or self-evident truth. (Note: this meaning is rare for 要請 in modern Japanese.)
数学の議論で公理(要請)を最初に設定する必要がある。
In a mathematical discussion you need to set axioms (request/axiom) at the start.
理論の基礎となる要請(公理)を明確にする。
Clarify the axioms (fundamental principles) that form the basis of the theory.