The study of languages (often foreign languages); language learning in general.
大学で語学の授業を取って、英語と中国語を勉強している。
I'm taking language classes at university and studying English and Chinese.
語学力を伸ばすには、毎日の聞く・話す練習が大切だ。
To improve language ability, daily listening and speaking practice is important.
彼女は語学留学で日本に一年間滞在した。
She stayed in Japan for a year on a language-study abroad program.
Can also refer (less commonly) to linguistics — the academic study of language and its structure (see 言語学).
語学と英文学では研究対象が異なるが、両方に興味がある学生もいる。
Language study and English literature have different research focuses, but some students are interested in both.
大学院で語学（＝言語学）の研究を始める予定だ。
I plan to start graduate studies in linguistics (語学) at university.