The revolution or orbital motion of a celestial body around another body (as opposed to rotation/spin). Often used as 公転する.
地球は太陽の周りを365日かけて公転している。
The Earth revolves around the sun in 365 days.
衛星の公転周期は軌道の大きさで決まる。
A satellite's orbital period is determined by the size of its orbit.
惑星の公転と自転は気候や昼夜の長さに影響を与える。
A planet's revolution and rotation affect its climate and the length of day and night.